Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
Fleury Group, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
Search for other papers by José V Lima Jr in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Nilza M Scalissi in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Kelly C de Oliveira in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Susan C Lindsey in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Caroline Olivati in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Elisa Napolitano Ferreira in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Claudio E Kater in
Google Scholar
PubMed
). Cluster 2 has signature activation of MAP kinase signaling pathways. The following genes stand out: NF1, RET, HRAS, and TMEM127 (9–11). Cluster 3 (identified by The Cancer Genome Atlas) has WnT pathways based on a transcriptional signature, which
Search for other papers by Vineeth Sukrithan in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Prachi Jain in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Manisha H Shah in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Bhavana Konda in
Google Scholar
PubMed
agents or in combination with other therapies. Molecular targets in thyroid cancer Differentiated thyroid cancer Alterations in BRAF, RET, RAS, PIK3CA, and PTEN activate the MAPK and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways leading to the
Search for other papers by Christie G Turin in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Molly M Crenshaw in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
Search for other papers by Lauren Fishbein in
Google Scholar
PubMed
/PGL Adrenal PCC HNPGL Extra-adrenal PGL Risk of multifocal primary PCC/PGL Risk of metastatic disease VHL Autosomal dominant 19% 60% for type 2 +++ + + +++ <5% RET Autosomal dominant 50% +++ + + +++ <5
Search for other papers by Sofia Maria Lider Burciulescu in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Caren Randon in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Frederic Duprez in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Wouter Huvenne in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by David Creytens in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Kathleen B M Claes in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Robin de Putter in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Guy T’Sjoen in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Search for other papers by Corin Badiu in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Bruno Lapauw in
Google Scholar
PubMed
included the most frequently mutated genes in PPGL: RET, VHL, NF1, MAX, SDHA, SDHB, SDHC, SDHD, SDHAF2, and TMEM127 . Depending on phenotypic features and/or year of diagnosis, patients were tested for a variable number of these genes. For patients with
Search for other papers by Patrick W Owens in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Terri Patricia McVeigh in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Nicola Miller in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Carole Guerin in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Frederic Sebag in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Denis Quill in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Marcia Bell in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Michael J Kerin in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Aoife J Lowery in
Google Scholar
PubMed
factors - the highest among all cancers studied ( Czene et al. 2002 ). Medullary thyroid cancer development is associated with point mutations in the RET proto-oncogene on chromosome 10, of which approximately 25% are germline mutations ( Accardo et al
Search for other papers by Sylvia L Asa in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Shereen Ezzat in
Google Scholar
PubMed
functionally important indirectly in sporadic tumors; the MEN2 syndrome associated RET proto-oncogene was shown to be involved in an apoptosis-dependent manner in AIP-deficient somatotroph tumors ( Garcia-Rendueles et al. 2021 ). However, PitNETs generally
Search for other papers by Catherine M Skefos in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Pamela L Brock in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Erica Blouch in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Samantha E Greenberg in
Google Scholar
PubMed
. PVs in RET, FH, VHL, NF1 , and other genes are also known to increase the risk of PGL and/or PCC. Although individuals with hereditary PPGL syndrome may develop any SDHx - related tumors, the penetrance and phenotype of hereditary PPGL syndrome